Top Ten Work Trends Quarterly Updates

A diverse group of SIOP members are serving as Trend Champions for the people-related work trends that SIOP members collaboratively predicted to be the most impactful in 2023. Each Trend Champion has expertise in and professional passion for their trend subject. SIOP appreciates their service to the profession in providing quarterly updates on their chosen topics.

Find the full list of topics and links to the other Top 10 Work Trends here. 

Trend #3: Managing the Transition into the Post-Pandemic World

2023 4th Quarter Update

Introduction

In December, much of the United States experiences cold winter weather, prompting many of us to yearn for the warmth of sunny summer days. Summer is often linked with vacations, providing a chance for weary employees to rest and recharge. Despite the longstanding belief in the rejuvenating effects of vacations, it is essential to scrutinize whether employees truly derive benefits from this traditional workplace practice

What is a Vacation? 

Cindy S. Aron's book, "Working At Play," chronicles the evolution of vacations into a significant aspect of American life. Aron begins by characterizing vacations as extended pleasure trips lasting at least a few days. The concept of traveling for enjoyment to spas and hot springs originated as a well-established European tradition, initially embraced mainly by affluent Americans. Nevertheless, from the late 1800s to the post-World War II era, the opportunity to take vacations gradually opened up to a broader spectrum of Americans.

Do Vacations Work? 

Vacations are designed to provide employees with a break from work, offering a chance to rejuvenate. The recognition of the necessity for even the most occupied businessmen to take a break dates back to 1855, but is there scientific evidence supporting this notion? While short vacations do enhance the health and well-being of employees, these positive effects tend to diminish rapidly upon their return to work. Employees derive the greatest benefits from their vacations when they engage in activities they enjoy and are relieved from work-related tasks.

Can You Get Away? 

Physically distancing ourselves from the workplace is relatively straightforward, but achieving mental detachment from work remains a considerable challenge. In a somewhat ironic turn, Professor Aron delves into the topic of working during vacations in the epilogue of "Working At Play." Furthermore, even when officially off duty, many individuals experience their thoughts returning to work, impeding the complete recharge that vacations are intended to offer. Additionally, some feel compelled to dedicate their time away to learning or self-improvement activities, contributing to a scenario where there appears to be no genuine respite from work-related or productivity-driven endeavors.

What Can We Do? 

Organizational psychologists extensively research vacations and recovery from work, using frameworks like the effort recovery model (which sees workplace demands as a strain relieved when not working) and the resource model (stating work stress depletes resources, requiring time and energy to replenish). Both models highlight organizations’ responsibility for reasonable workloads, stress coping resources, and sufficient time for rest. However, the ability to implement this seemingly simple suggestion remains challenging.

My not-so-bold prediction for 2024 and beyond is a continued abundance of editorials and think pieces suggesting ways for organizations to maximize employee productivity or offering tips for stressed employees, emphasizing "self-care" over true respites from work. The most beneficial approach for all of us is to identify activities that bring joy and relaxation, even if others may not perceive them as worthwhile.

2023 3rd Quarter Update

What About your Boundaries?

Introduction

         I cannot be the only one out there that hears Slack and Outlook notifications in their sleep.

Whether we are willing to admit it or not, I think that many of us are nostalgic for a time when there seemed to be clear boundaries between work and home. This idea seems absurd considering how email, smartphones, and (somewhat ironically) remote work have eroded the boundaries between work and home life. This lack of boundaries was particularly salient during the pandemic when the home and workplace were one in the same for some, and had little relief from the stressors of the pandemic. Wherever we work, workplace stress spilling over into home life can have adverse consequences for health and well being. Right now, it feels that we find ourselves in a “forever war” over whether a person will fully return to the office or not. I, and my fellow idea champions have spoken about this issue at length. Though my concern is that there has been little regard or respect for boundaries between work and non-work [1]lives of employees.

Boarders and Boundaries

Boundary theory and board theory explain the relationship and boundaries between work and non-work aspects of life. These theories' primary argument is that individuals create and maintain boundaries to balance the demands of work and life. The strategies used to maintain boundaries vary on a continuum of segmentation to integration. At one end of the continuum is segmentation which continuum represents distinct separation between work and non-work life. Integration which represents the opposite end of the continuum represents the presence of flexible and permeable barriers that allow for integration between work and life. What matters most for employees is the ability to maintain boundaries that fit their preferences and to have access to activities that help them recover from work.

Work and Well-being

There is an extensive body of evidence documenting the impact of working in person on employee well-being and performance. Primarily, commuting to work is associated with exhaustion at the start of the work day especially for workers that have to drop off children at child. This exhaustion grows as the work day progresses especially when employees have negative interactions with co-workers and/or customers. Additionally, noise and lighting in the workplace significantly impact the performance and mood of employees.

In some ways, remote work is a solution to the problems associated with working in person. Remote work eases employees’ transition between work and home roles. Having a respite from the emotional labor involved with workplace interactions reduces employee exhaustion. The flexibility of remote work also allows employees to attend work more consistently, and improve their overall health. However, it is important to remember that all employees cannot work remotely. Additionally, remote work has a number of disadvantages isolation from work place social networks, separation from mentors, and reduced opportunities to engage in informal social interactions that help build social capital.

What can we do?

As we have seen the past few years there is no perfect modality for work. However, there are things that we can do to help employees maintain reasonable boundaries between work and non-work life.

1.     Offer employees as much flexibility with their schedules as possible. Being able to set one’s schedule is key to work-life balance and employee satisfaction. 

2.      Makes offices a space for productivity. Let’s be real: most workplaces suck. They lack ergonomically friendly furniture, quality lighting, and design to reduce disruptive noise. Of course, remodeling an office can be a significant undertaking. Nonetheless there are affordable interventions that can make offices more inviting and less likely to induce stress which can spill over to non-work life.  

3.     Do not view employees asking for remote work as a way to get out doing work, but rather as an opportunity to recharge while being productive. We all have different needs, and sensory experiences. Employers should take this into account when developing remote work policies.  

4.     Use time in the office wisely. Time in the office is best used for interdependent activities, not having Zoom meetings.  I encourage managers and employers to schedule time for in person meetings and collaboration, while also maintaining the same energy when scheduling informal social gatherings for employees. As discussed in my Q2 update, these gatherings are critical to facilitating collaboration and creativity.

[1] “Non-work” is an inclusive term meant to include  all aspects of life outside of work (hobbies, family, friends, etc.)

2023 2nd Quarter Update

Recent conservations surrounding the four-day work week have sparked a long overdue conservation about the time we devote to work. Before this, I am pretty sure the thought “how do I spend my days at work?” has crossed your mind more than once. This is a natural since we spend a significant amount of our time working. Better yet, I can also imagine some of us have wondered “Why is my work day eight hours long?” The answer to this question starts with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The Eight Hour work day

Before the Industrial Revolution, a large number of people in Western countries worked in small-scale agriculture or trades such as carpentry or textile weaving. Generally, these jobs did not have set work schedules. Instead, tasks were completed in a piecemeal fashion or as demand for skilled labor developed. As industrialization spread, the work day became significantly longer and more grueling with many manufacturing employees working twelve-hour or longer days with few breaks. Though it was not long before employees resisted the adverse conditions in their workplaces. Among these employees Ira Steward, a machinist and labor leader whose advocacy set the stage for the eight-hour work day in the United States. Steward’s primary argument was that reducing the work day to eight hours was an important step to reduce the exploitation of workers. However, other labor advocates proposed that reducing the work day offered employees more leisure time and more opportunities to buy products which would benefit businesses. In either case, advocates and employees recognized that too much time was spent working.

Time well spent?

With the eight hours being the norm for many, how do employees spend this time? Apparently, according to an often cited study, on average employees only work just under 3 hours a day. The rest of the time is spent on a variety of tasks such as social media use, non-work related conservations, and preparing hot beverages such as coffee or tea. With the multiple innovations that have increased employee productivity if the eight-hour day is no longer optimal, what is the solution?

How can we solve the misfit between how employees use their time and the “structured” eight hour work day? Organizations can shorten the length of the work day, an idea that was revolutionary when Henry Ford’s time in 1914 is still groundbreaking today. Stephan Aaarstol’s company Tower Paddle Board is an example of how this could be done. Tower Paddle Board is successful because employees are responsible for managing their own workloads and hours and have incentives to perform. Remote work has also been presented as a way to for employees to reduce the length of work days. Remote work can eliminate the need for commuting which would save the average American about an hour of their time. Counterintuitively, certain aspects of remote work may lead to employees spending more time working. This was especially the case for managers which spend more time in meetings and engaging with email and other forms of communication and coordination.

It is my belief that it is important for organizations to question the eight-hour work day and other practices we take for granted. Though when it comes time to make changes employees and affected stakeholders should have a say.

2023 1st Quarter Update

Human behavior may seem simple, but often things are more complicated than we assume. For instance, having access to more choices or making more money does not always equal happiness. Similar complications occur in the workplace where context matters and individual differences drastically shape experiences. One supposedly simple assumption that we will discuss here is that employees must be present in their workplaces (most often offices) to be creative.

What is Creativity?

Before exploring this assumption further, let’s define creativity. Intriguingly, despite the ongoing buzz creativity receives, there is no standard definition of the term. Nonetheless, creativity scholars generally agree that creativity involves the creation of new and useful ideas. More recent conceptualizations incorporate surprise into the definition. The idea behind the incorporation of surprise into the definition of creativity is that it represents the novel and unexpected ideas that can materialize during the creativity process. These three elements of creative ideas are best optimized through thought trials where individuals present a wide range of novel ideas but rely on criteria such as practicality, time constraints, and potential costs to evaluate the feasibility of ideas. As mentioned earlier, surprise occurs throughout this process as employees discuss ideas and uncover new, unexpected insights.

How does Creativity Happen?

The action of employees meeting at a specified time in a specified place is a key assumption of our discussion of creativity. It is here where we now revisit our assumption that employees must be present in their workplaces to be creative. A study recently published in Nature aligns with the interests of Bob Iger and other CEOs in favor of employees returning to the office for the majority of the work week by demonstrating that employees came up with fewer creative ideas when collaborating on videoconferencing platforms. The performance of employees may have suffered because they focused on on-screen content instead of the creativity process. (Side note: Recall your last meeting on Zoom, Webex, or other videoconferencing platforms where you had to have your camera on while also focusing on on-screen content and remember how exhausted you were afterward). Though it is noteworthy that employees collaborating on video conferencing platforms were able to select which ideas to pursue at a rate similar to their peers working in person. Informal interactions and chance encounters in the workplace also play a role in the creative process. Informal, serendipitous interactions in the workplace seem to help employees complete creative projects. These serendipitous interactions also help employees be better liked, receive better performance evaluations, and receive assistance from colleagues in the future. Overall, it seems that being in the office facilitates creativity.

Lost magic found?

Since his return to Disney seemingly at the behest of unsatisfied shareholders Bob Iger expects to recapture the “magic” that Disney has seemed to have lost since his departure by requiring employees to return to the office at least four days a week. Helping Disney which has entertained and delighted us for decades seems to be a good enough (but not entirely satisfactory) reason to require employees to return to the office. While most of not have a hand in redesigning Disney theme park attractions or planning the next great Disney+ series our work does incorporate creativity. Maybe what Iger and other CEOs actually want is to create a time and space for the informal, serendipitous interactions that may (but aren’t guaranteed to) spark creativity. With that being said, there a couple of things we can do to (re)capture our creativity.

• Using creativity and/or organizational culture as justification for demanding employees return to the office has been cleverly criticized by many. However, bringing employees together in a way that encourages the serendipitous informal interactions discussed above potentially has great value for employees and organizations. There are many ways to go about creating places and spaces for these interactions from office design to company outings. With the appropriate planning, one way to do this would be to bring employees together to share meals, specifically meals served family style. Yes, passing dishes around during the course of a meal can be a little awkward, but there is evidence that the act of sharing food makes people feel more connected to one another and more likely to cooperate. So perhaps the occasional department meal could address multiple issues at once.
• My second, and more pointed suggestion is that companies use meeting time wisely. Meetings do not top the list of many employee’s favorite thing about their workplace experience, although there is a way to better run meetings related to creative endeavors. Brucks and Levav’s research which was referenced earlier provides insight on how to do so. It seems that generating potential creative ideas is best accomplished with in person meetings, whereas deciding which course of action to take with a creative idea could be done over Zoom or other videoconferencing technology. In other words, I suggest that a hybrid approach could make the creative process more efficient for everyone.

In closing, I challenge everyone to keep an open mind when it comes to creativity and the creative process. Afterall, creativity is supposed to be an enjoyable process.